Multi-omics reveals SALM macrophage phenotype in CRC

SALM cells exhibit enhanced IL-10/STAT3 signaling, terminal differentiation, and enrichment of senescence and lipid metabolism pathways. They suppress T cell function via immunosuppressive ligands IL-10 and MIF. A prognostic model based on SALM signatures achieves high accuracy (AUC = 0.972) in a combined TCGA–GSE39582 cohort, with spatial validation confirming p16+CD68+IL-10+ cell enrichment at the tumor front. The findings suggest SALM macrophages drive immunosuppression through a senescence-lipid metabolism axis and serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

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